Experiences of social stigma of people living with Hansen's disease in Brazil: silencing, secrets and exclusion.

BACKGROUND: Hansen's disease is a chronic, infectious and transmissible disease that is considered a public health problem in Brazil. Hansen's disease is marked by stigma and prejudice, because it carries with it a strong negative social image, reinforced by policies of social isolation in the community. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Ribeirão Preto, an inland city of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eleven patients under treatment for the disease were interviewed. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed in full, then were analyzed through the stages of transcription, transposition and reconstitution, as informed by concepts proposed by Goffman. RESULTS: The results showed that the marks of stigma are still present in the twenty-first century and were presented in two axes: 'Stigma and work for the person affected by Hansen's disease' and 'The experience of stigma in the family'. The participants refer to fears of losing their jobs and of being ridiculed, which stops them talking about the disease. Regarding their families, the participants reported episodes of discrimination, the creation of family secrets and fear of relatives' reactions. CONCLUSIONS: All these aspects interfere in the follow-up and treatment of patients and need to be considered and welcomed by health professionals. It is recommended that these aspects are addressed in the initial training and continuing education of health professionals. CONTEXTE: La maladie de Hansen est une maladie chronique, infectieuse et transmissible, considérée comme un problème de santé publique au Brésil. La maladie de Hansen est marquée par la stigmatisation et les préjugés, car elle véhicule une image sociale fortement négative, renforcée par des politiques d'isolement social au sein de la communauté. MÉTHODES: Étude qualitative menée à Ribeirão Preto, une ville intérieure de l'État de São Paulo, au Brésil. Onze patients traités pour la maladie ont été interrogés. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés et transcrits intégralement, et ont été analysés en suivant les étapes de transcription, de transposition et de reconstitution, selon les concepts proposés par Goffman. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats montrent que les marques de la stigmatisation sont toujours présentes au 21ème siècle et ont été présentées selon deux axes : 'La stigmatisation et le travail pour la personne affectée par la maladie de Hansen' et 'L'expérience de la stigmatisation dans la famille'. Les participants évoquent la peur de perdre leur emploi, la peur d'être ridiculisés, ce qui les pousse à ne pas parler de la maladie. En ce qui concerne les familles, les participants ont rapporté des épisodes de discrimination, la création de secrets de famille et la peur des réactions des proches. CONCLUSIONS: Tous ces aspects interfèrent dans le suivi et le traitement des patients et doivent être pris en compte et accueillis par les professionnels de la santé. Il est recommandé que ces aspects soient abordés dans la formation initiale et la formation continue des professionnels de la santé. ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad de Hansen es una enfermedad crónica, infecciosa y transmisible, considerada un problema de salud pública en Brasil. La enfermedad de Hansen está marcada por el estigma y el prejuicio, ya que conlleva una fuerte imagen social negativa, reforzada por políticas de aislamiento social en la comunidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo realizado en Ribeirão Preto, una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se entrevistaron a once pacientes en tratamiento para la enfermedad. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas en su totalidad y analizadas a través de etapas de transcripción, transposición y reconstitución, según los conceptos propuestos por Goffman. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que las marcas del estigma siguen presentes en el siglo XXI y se presentaron en dos ejes: 'Estigma y trabajo para la persona afectada por la enfermedad de Hansen' y 'La experiencia del estigma en la familia'. Los participantes mencionan el miedo a perder sus trabajos, el temor a ser ridiculizados, lo que les impide comentar sobre la enfermedad. En cuanto a las familias, los participantes reportaron episodios de discriminación, la creación de secretos familiares y el miedo a las reacciones de los familiares. CONCLUSIONES: Todos estos aspectos interfieren en el seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes y deben ser considerados y acogidos por los profesionales sanitarios. Se recomienda abordar estos aspectos en la formación inicial y la educación continua de los profesionales sanitarios.

La influencia de las instituciones en los consejos locales de salud / The influence of the institutions on local health councils

Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de las instituciones en el funcionamiento de los consejos locales de salud. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Emplazamiento: Dos servicios de atención primaria de salud de un municipio del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil.Participantes: Veinticuatro miembros de los consejos locales de salud y 4 informantes clave. Método: Basado en el marco teórico y metodológico del análisis institucional. Los datos fueron producidos a través de 28 entrevistas individuales con preguntas semiestructuradas, observación, participación en las actividades de los consejos y registro en el diario de investigación. Los datos fueron organizados por el proceso de transcripción, transposición y reconstitución. Resultados: Las instituciones actúan en los territorios representados por actores sociales que ocupan cargos y funciones dentro de los servicios de atención primaria de salud, evidenciando la perpetuación de la jerarquización con valorización de los discursos de los profesionales y gestores en detrimento de los pacientes y predominio de reuniones burocratizadas. Los actores sociales reproducen los ideales del colectivo al que pertenecen en estos espacios. Conclusión: No siempre los equipos de gestión de salud reconocen las diferentes fuerzas que actúan en el territorio de salud, sin embargo, estas fuerzas interfieren en las actividades desarrolladas y en la atención de la salud. Los grupos actúan tanto en espacios formales a través de representantes oficiales que se reúnen y discuten temas en colegiados como en espacios informales y constituyen fuerzas en disputa en el territorio de salud.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the influences of the institutions in the operation of the Local Health councils. Design: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. Study setting: 02 Primary Health Care services of a municipality in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants: twenty-four members of the Local Health Councils and 4 key informants. Methods: Supported by the theoretical methodological framework of Institutional Analysis. Data were produced through 28 semi-structured interviews, observation and participation in the activities of the councils and recording in the research diary. Data were organized and analyzed by the process of transcription, transposition and reconstitution. Results: The institutions act in the territories represented by social actors who occupy positions and functions within the Primary Health Care services, evidencing the perpetuation of hierarchization with valorization of the speeches of professionals and managers to the detriment of patients and predominance of bureaucratized meetings. The social actors reproduce the ideals of the collective to which they belong in these spaces. Conclusions: The health management teams do not recognize the different forces that act in the health territory, however, these forces interfere in the activities performed and in health care. The groups act both in formal spaces through official representatives who meet and discuss issues in collegiate meetings and in informal spaces, and constitute forces in dispute in the health territory.(AU)

[The influence of the institutions on local health councils]. / La influencia de las instituciones en los consejos locales de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influences of the institutions in the operation of the Local Health councils. DESIGN: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. STUDY SETTING: 02 Primary Health Care services of a municipality in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: twenty-four members of the Local Health Councils and 4 key informants. METHODS: Supported by the theoretical methodological framework of Institutional Analysis. Data were produced through 28 semi-structured interviews, observation and participation in the activities of the councils and recording in the research diary. Data were organized and analyzed by the process of transcription, transposition and reconstitution. RESULTS: The institutions act in the territories represented by social actors who occupy positions and functions within the Primary Health Care services, evidencing the perpetuation of hierarchization with valorization of the speeches of professionals and managers to the detriment of patients and predominance of bureaucratized meetings. The social actors reproduce the ideals of the collective to which they belong in these spaces. CONCLUSIONS: The health management teams do not recognize the different forces that act in the health territory, however, these forces interfere in the activities performed and in health care. The groups act both in formal spaces through official representatives who meet and discuss issues in collegiate meetings and in informal spaces, and constitute forces in dispute in the health territory.

Enfermagem e análise institucional: entrelaçamentos no cuidado, gestão e formação / Nursing and institutional analysis: intertwining in care, management and training

As experiências e experimentações presentes na Instituição Enfermagem são diversas e nos implicam de múltiplas formas, com suas redes e linhas envolventes, materializando-se aqui em cuidado, gestão e formação. A aposta é na força de uma escritura coletiva. Aqui neste livro, reunimos frutos de investigações que problematizam a prática da Enfermagem em diferentes cenários que compõe o campo da saúde, sob a ótica e inspiração da Análise Institucional. Para o leitor, a oferta é de uma experiência em que à medida que entre em contato com o material, se autorize a extrair um livro outro, deste que aqui está, e colocar-se em análise de suas implicações e sobre implicações nesta produção.

Violence in the Nursing Workplace in the Context of Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study.

Violence demands considerable attention due to its complexity and social consequences. The objective of this study was to analyze violence in the nursing professional workplace in the context of primary health care in Brazil. It is a qualitative study with theoretical and methodological reference to institutional analysis. It was carried out in basic health units in Brazil. Nursing professionals (N = 11) participated in semi-structured interviews and discussion groups, in addition to a research diary and participant observation. Data collection took place from October to December 2021. The results are presented in five categories: types of violence and aggressors from the perspective of nursing professionals; the causes of violence reported by professionals; strategies for the management of violence; professionals' proposals for preventing violence in health contexts; the consequences of violence in the workplace. Nursing professionals make up a large part of the workforce and have reported verbal, physical, moral, and psychological violence. The main causes are associated with user access to services. For the prevention of violence, professionals do not see themselves as protagonists of change. The consequences are the loss of quality of work and the health of professionals who requested sick leave and transfers. The study's findings can help in the development of public policies and educational and management actions.

The Work of Nurses in Primary Health Care: Crossings of the New Public Management.

The literature in the field of health management mentions a concept called new public management (NPM), introduced in Brazil and France at the end of the 20th century. The objective of the study was to analyze the repercussions of the work of nurses in primary health care in Brazil and France under the influence of NPM. This is an excerpt of a double-titled thesis, which is a research intervention with nurses from two Brazilian states and five French departments. Data were produced between February 2019 and July 2021. The public policy Health on the Hour acted as an institutional transducer, provoking a reduction in access and producing effects on professional practices. In both countries, NPM amplified the predominance of technical and quantifiable acts, the focus on individual care, and the loss of autonomy. Nurses reported insurmountable situations, using the metaphor "Sophie's choice". The results showed that making dilemmatic decisions has been the daily routine of nurses, which has not resulted in debureaucratization and higher quality of care.

[Interprofessional health education in the Region of the Americas from a nursing perspectiveEducação interprofissional em saúde na Região das Américas na perspectiva da enfermagem]. / Educación interprofesional en salud en la Región de las Américas desde la perspectiva de la enfermería.

This study presents a reflective analysis of the implementation of interprofessional education in undergraduate nursing courses, considering as an example the curricula of undergraduate nursing careers in Brazil. Despite investments to advance interprofessional education, its practice is not institutionalized in the curricula of undergraduate courses. These findings represent a limitation for the implementation of interprofessional education in nursing courses, and the case of Brazil allows to learn lessons for the education of nursing professionals in other countries of the Region of the Americas. Recommendations are provided for training, management and intersectoral articulation of health and education services, with emphasis on primary health care and the Sustainable Development Goals, aimed at educational institutions wishing to implement interprofessional education.

Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise reflexiva sobre a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de graduação em enfermagem, considerando como exemplo os currículos dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem no Brasil. Apesar dos investimentos para avançar a educação interprofissional, sua prática não está institucionalizada nos currículos de graduação. Esses achados representam uma limitação para a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de enfermagem, e o caso do Brasil fornece lições para a formação de profissionais de enfermagem em outros países da Região das Américas. Medidas de treinamento, gestão e articulação intersetorial de serviços de saúde e educação, com ênfase nos cuidados primários de saúde e nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, são recomendadas para instituições educacionais que desejam implementar a educação interprofissional.

The Feminine Condition and Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health in Brazil and France.

Introduction: Elements mark the reality of reading the female body in symbolic constructions and social symbols in the exercise of their reproductive health. The study aims to identify elements that characterize the female condition while analyzing the reproductive health of Brazilian and French women. Materials and Methods: A qualitative, multicenter, international study was conducted in Brazil and in France between 2016 and 2019. Data were produced through the use of semi-structured scripts. Focus group discussions and individual interviews were conducted with women who gave birth, hetero-female couples who lived the experience of gestation and birth of a baby, and professionals of maternal and childcare services or members of the associations concerned with the health of mothers and babies. It was guided by the theoretical-methodological framework of institutional analysis in line with the French Institutional Socioclinics. Results: Sexual and reproductive health in the realities researched in Brazil and France are sometimes close and sometimes far apart. In what involves the Brazilian health system, abortion is criminalized and often performed illegally. Furthermore, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period are highly medicalized. In addition, childbirth is not assured as an experience for a woman and her family. This aspect is confirmed by high numbers of cesarean sections performed or by maternal and infant mortality indicators. The French health system prioritizes vaginal deliveries and seems to assure more autonomy to women, but at the same time, it is worn out by the logic of profit, the efficiency of actions, and the rationalization of practices. In association with these, there are other intrinsic elements in the functioning of the institution that delineates the format of each country: notion of women's rights, violence against women, and discussion regarding the oppression markers of race, gender, sexuality, and social class. Conclusions: Both countries reveal aspects related to the social role of women's bodies. The established logic reflects in the decision to have children, motherhood, women's autonomy over their own bodies, and in the core values linked to the termination of pregnancy and the professional practices developed in prenatal care, childbirth, and postpartum.

Educación interprofesional en salud en la Región de las Américas desde la perspectiva de la enfermería

[RESUMEN]. En este estudio se realiza un análisis reflexivo sobre la implantación de la educación interprofesional en cursos de pregrado de enfermería, considerando como ejemplo los planes de estudio de las carreras de pregrado en enfermería de Brasil. A pesar de las inversiones para avanzar en la educación interprofesional, su práctica no está institucionalizada en los planes de estudio de las carreras de pregrado. Estos hallazgos representan una limitación para la implementación de la educación interprofesional en los cursos de enfermería, y el caso de Brasil permite extraer enseñanzas de cara a la formación de profesionales de enfermería en otros países de la Región de las Américas. Se recomiendan medidas para la formación, la gestión y la articulación intersectorial de los servicios de salud y educación, con énfasis en la atención primaria de salud y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, a las instituciones educativas que deseen implementar la educación interprofesional.

[ABSTRACT]. This study presents a reflective analysis of the implementation of interprofessional education in undergraduate nursing courses, considering as an example the curricula of undergraduate nursing careers in Brazil. Despite investments to advance interprofessional education, its practice is not institutionalized in the curricula of undergraduate courses. These findings represent a limitation for the implementation of interprofessional education in nursing courses, and the case of Brazil allows to learn lessons for the education of nursing professionals in other countries of the Region of the Americas. Recommendations are provided for training, management and intersectoral articulation of health and education services, with emphasis on primary health care and the Sustainable Development Goals, aimed at educational institutions wishing to implement interprofessional education.

[RESUMO]. Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise reflexiva sobre a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de graduação em enfermagem, considerando como exemplo os currículos dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem no Brasil. Apesar dos investimentos para avançar a educação interprofissional, sua prática não está institucionalizada nos currículos de graduação. Esses achados representam uma limitação para a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de enfermagem, e o caso do Brasil fornece lições para a formação de profissionais de enfermagem em outros países da Região das Américas. Medidas de treinamento, gestão e articulação intersetorial de serviços de saúde e educação, com ênfase nos cuidados primários de saúde e nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, são recomendadas para instituições educacionais que desejam implementar a educação interprofissional.

Analyzers of Support Practices in Humanization and Permanent Health Education / Analisadores de Práticas de Apoio em Humanização e Educação Permanente em Saúde / Analizadores de Prácticas de Apoyo en Humanización y Educación en Salud Permanente

Abstract The National Policies of Humanization and Permanent Health Education (PHE) have shown advances and setbacks in their historical process. Some concepts from the theoretical framework of institutional analysis can contribute in these themes, such as the concept of analyzer. This article discusses the analyzers identified in an intervention research with professionals who work as supporters of humanization and/or articulators of PHE in municipalities of the state of São Paulo. The theoretical-methodological framework is the institutional analysis, socio-clinical line, focusing on the work of the analyzers. The intervention groups were composed of 30 participants. We highlight three analyzers: (1) the COVID-19 historical analyzer; (2) the time analyzer; (3) the silence analyzer. These analyzers evidence tensions such as: the peripheral place of primary care, discomfort in the face of "not knowing" and/or lethargy in the face of imposed non-doing, and the paradox of creating and interrupting both care actions and support for the teams.

Resumo As Políticas Nacionais de Humanização e Educação Permanente em Saúde têm mostrado em seu processo histórico avanços e retrocessos. Alguns conceitos do referencial teórico da análise institucional podem contribuir nesses temas, como o conceito de analisador. O objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir os analisadores identificados em uma pesquisa-intervenção, com profissionais que exercem a função de apoiadores de humanização e/ou de articuladores de educação permanente em saúde em municípios paulistas. O quadro teórico-metodológico é a análise institucional, linha sócio-clínica, sendo destacado, o trabalho dos analisadores. Participaram 30 pessoas dos grupos de intervenção. Destacamos três analisadores: (1) o analisador histórico Covid-19; (2) o analisador tempo; (3) o analisador silêncio. Esses analisadores iluminaram tensões como: o lugar periférico da atenção básica, o desconforto frente ao "não saber" e/ou a letargia ante o não-fazer imposto e o paradoxo de criar e interromper tanto ações de cuidado, como de suporte às equipes.

Resumen Las Políticas Nacionales de Humanización y Educación Permanente en Salud han mostrado avances y retrocesos en su proceso histórico. Algunos conceptos del marco teórico del análisis institucional pueden contribuir a estos temas, como el concepto de analizador. El objetivo de este artículo fue discutir los analizadores identificados en una investigación-intervención, con profesionales que actúan como apoyadores de la humanización y/o articuladores de la educación permanente en salud en municipios de São Paulo. El marco teórico-metodológico fue el del análisis institucional, línea socioclínica, destacándose el trabajo de los analizadores. Participaron 30 personas en los grupos de intervención. Se destacan tres analizadores: (1) el analizador histórico Covid-19; (2) el analizador de tiempo; (3) el analizador de silencio. Estos analizadores iluminan tensiones como: el lugar periférico de la atención primaria, el malestar ante el "no saber" y/o el letargo ante el no hacer impuesto y la paradoja de crear e interrumpir tanto las acciones asistenciales como de apoyo a los equipos.

Educación interprofesional en salud en la Región de las Américas desde la perspectiva de la enfermería / Interprofessional health education in the Region of the Americas from a nursing perspective / Educação interprofissional em saúde na Região das Américas na perspectiva da enfermagem

RESUMEN En este estudio se realiza un análisis reflexivo sobre la implantación de la educación interprofesional en cursos de pregrado de enfermería, considerando como ejemplo los planes de estudio de las carreras de pregrado en enfermería de Brasil. A pesar de las inversiones para avanzar en la educación interprofesional, su práctica no está institucionalizada en los planes de estudio de las carreras de pregrado. Estos hallazgos representan una limitación para la implementación de la educación interprofesional en los cursos de enfermería, y el caso de Brasil permite extraer enseñanzas de cara a la formación de profesionales de enfermería en otros países de la Región de las Américas. Se recomiendan medidas para la formación, la gestión y la articulación intersectorial de los servicios de salud y educación, con énfasis en la atención primaria de salud y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, a las instituciones educativas que deseen implementar la educación interprofesional.

ABSTRACT This study presents a reflective analysis of the implementation of interprofessional education in undergraduate nursing courses, considering as an example the curricula of undergraduate nursing careers in Brazil. Despite investments to advance interprofessional education, its practice is not institutionalized in the curricula of undergraduate courses. These findings represent a limitation for the implementation of interprofessional education in nursing courses, and the case of Brazil allows to learn lessons for the education of nursing professionals in other countries of the Region of the Americas. Recommendations are provided for training, management and intersectoral articulation of health and education services, with emphasis on primary health care and the Sustainable Development Goals, aimed at educational institutions wishing to implement interprofessional education.

RESUMO Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise reflexiva sobre a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de graduação em enfermagem, considerando como exemplo os currículos dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem no Brasil. Apesar dos investimentos para avançar a educação interprofissional, sua prática não está institucionalizada nos currículos de graduação. Esses achados representam uma limitação para a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de enfermagem, e o caso do Brasil fornece lições para a formação de profissionais de enfermagem em outros países da Região das Américas. Medidas de treinamento, gestão e articulação intersetorial de serviços de saúde e educação, com ênfase nos cuidados primários de saúde e nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, são recomendadas para instituições educacionais que desejam implementar a educação interprofissional.

Cesarean childbirth: an institutional socio-clinical study of the professional practices and discourses.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze how the social, historical, economic and professional elements influence the institutionalization process of cesarean childbirth in Brazil and France. METHOD: a qualitative study grounded on the theoretical framework of the institutional socioclinic. The data were produced through focus groups and individual interviews, supported by semi-structured scripts, with health professionals, mothers and fathers and a research diary. The study had 83 participants. The analysis was based on the theoretical framework and thematic analysis. Cross analysis was developed between the different types of data, services and groups, as well as between countries. RESULTS: the participants were characterized in terms of schooling, employment, level of training and workplace. The countries researched have their own peculiar health and educational structure and are marked by a social-historical-economic construction outlined by patriarchy. The New Public Management influences both contexts and makes health care precarious. The technical and organizational dimensions reinforce an intellectual and social division of work and knowledge in health. CONCLUSION: the institutionalization process of childbirth in the countries is marked by social, economic and professional aspects. Practices and speeches of the professionals in their work process influence the occurrence, or not, of cesarean sections.

Women and leprosy: interferences and experiences.

OBJECTIVE: to know the interferences of leprosy in women's lives and how they reinvent themselves in coping with the disease. METHOD: a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The theoretical-methodological framework adopts an approximation to the cartographic method and some concepts of schizoanalysis, which were used to analyze the data. The tools used to produce the data were the interview and the logbook. The interviews were conducted from July to November 2019, at the participants' homes. RESULTS: the group consisted of nine women. To display the data, we were inspired by Deleuze's ideas about difference and repetition. The results were organized in three thematic axes that address the lives of these women affected by leprosy, which accompany concerns, anxieties and worries about the effects of the disease. The transformations in the female body, the financial maintenance itself due to the comorbidities caused by leprosy and its difficulties in guaranteeing rights are elements strongly pointed out by women. CONCLUSION: there is overlap and interference of the female condition in a patriarchal society that still accompanies it. We bet on the strength of becoming-a-woman and the need to consider them in their singularities and in their context for producing care permeated by meetings of the affirmation of the power of life.

Interfaces between permanent education and interprofessional education in health. / Interfaces entre a educação permanente e a educação interprofissional em saúde.

This was a reflective theoretical essay that was based on the national and international literature. The goal was to analyze the interfaces and historical-conceptual distinctions between permanent education in health and interprofessional education in health. In the international context, there have been educational movements aimed at health workers with an emphasis on the incentives of the Pan-American Health Organization. In Brazil, both proposals highlight a commitment to the quality of practice in the Unified Health System, focused on health needs, with approaches that have a lot in common. Permanent education in health is geared toward on-the-job training to transform work processes, with the objective of delivering comprehensive care. Interprofessional education in health involves shared interactive learning of collaborative skills for effective teamwork, guided by interprofessional collaboration. The purpose of both is to qualify health practices through the education of workers in groups; however it is essential to distinguish the theoretical, conceptual, and methodological frameworks that support them.

Ensaio teórico de cunho reflexivo elaborado com base na literatura nacional e internacional, com o objetivo de analisar as interfaces e distinções histórico-conceituais entre Educação Permanente em Saúde e Educação Interprofissional em Saúde. No cenário internacional, ocorreram movimentos educacionais voltados para trabalhadores de saúde com destaque para os estímulos da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde. No Brasil, ambas as propostas ressaltam o compromisso com a qualidade das práticas no Sistema Único de Saúde, centradas nas necessidades de saúde com enfoques que se aproximam. A Educação Permanente em Saúde, comprometida com a formação no trabalho para a transformação do processo de trabalho, tem em vista o cuidado integral e a Educação Interprofissional em Saúde com o aprendizado interativo compartilhado de competências colaborativas para o efetivo trabalho em equipe, orientado pela colaboração interprofissional. Ambas visam à qualificação das práticas de saúde por meio da educação de trabalhadores em coletivos, mas é fundamental a distinção dos referenciais teórico-conceituais e metodológicos que as sustentam.

Ensayo teórico de corte reflexivo elaborado con base en la literatura nacional e internacional, objetivando analizar las interfaces y distinciones histórico-conceptuales entre Educación Permanente en Salud y Educación Interprofesional en Salud. En el ámbito internacional hubo movimientos educativos orientados a trabajadores de salud destacándose los estímulos de la Organización Panamericana de Salud. En Brasil, ambas propuestas subrayan el compromiso con la calidad de las prácticas del Sistema Único de Salud, centradas en necesidades sanitarias con enfoques cercanos. La Educación Permanente en Salud, comprometida con la formación laboral para transformar el proceso de trabajo considerando la atención integral, y la Educación Interprofesional en Salud con aprendizaje interactivo compartido de competencias colaborativas para un trabajo en equipo efectivo orientado por la colaboración interprofesional. Ambas apuntan a calificar las prácticas de salud educando al trabajador en colectivos, aunque resulta fundamental diferenciar los referenciales teóricos, conceptuales y metodológicos que las sustentan.

Matrix support in children's mental health in Primary Health Care: institutional socio-clinical intervention research. / Apoio matricial em saúde mental infantojuvenil na Atenção Primária à Saúde: pesquisa intervenção socioclínica institucional.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze matrix support for Family Health Strategy teams in relation to Mental Health in Children and Adolescents. METHOD: This is a research-intervention with a qualitative approach, based on the Institutional Analysis framework, Socio-clinic, carried out with eighteen health workers from two Family Health Strategy and Psychosocial Care Center teams of a small municipality in the countryside of the state of São Paulo, through eleven reflection meetings. RESULTS: The following themes emerged: The dynamics of relations in the FHS territory; Matrix Support as a technological device: unveiling established practices. Subsequently, the results were discussed based on the principles of Institutional Socio-clinic. CONCLUSION: Matrix support in children's mental health, based on Institutional Socio-clinic, favored the deterritorialization of professionals, revealing how mental health care is provided for children and adolescents, and the crossings that occur in the production of this care as well as possible paths to be followed to improve health actions.

Consolidation of new public management in nursing education: repercussions to the Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the ways in which neoliberalism has consolidated itself in the public university and in university teaching in nursing; and what interferences it has produced in the pedagogical conceptions and practices of nurse educators. METHODS: this is a qualitative research based on Institutional Analysis and conducted in a public university. RESULTS: the data produced with the nursing teachers revealed the consolidation of the New Public Management in the university teaching of the professor-nurse, which is in contradiction with the formative assumptions for the Unified Health System. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: it is noticeable how the university and the university teaching in nursing are already impregnated by neoliberal logic. This will possibly have repercussions on the training of professionals for the Unified Health System.

Homeless people: health aspects and experiences with health services.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the understanding of homeless people living in a city in the countryside of São Paulo about what health is and about their experiences in health services. METHODS: a qualitative exploratory study developed through interviews with homeless people and a field diary. The data were organized by themes and the findings were compared to a collective health framework. RESULTS: the explored themes were: "Being healthy for the homeless population", "The search for health services" and "Being a user of health services from the perspective of homeless people". We present the interviewees' understanding of health and their experiences in healthcare services. Along this path, we outline aspects that show the network's weaknesses, permeated by prejudices and discrimination. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: this population has conceptions about health and needs that need to be singularly taken into consideration to facilitate access and care.

Interfaces entre a educação permanente e a educação interprofissional em saúde / Interfaces entre la educación permanente y la educación interprofesional en salud / Interfaces between permanent education and interprofessional education in health

RESUMO Ensaio teórico de cunho reflexivo elaborado com base na literatura nacional e internacional, com o objetivo de analisar as interfaces e distinções histórico-conceituais entre Educação Permanente em Saúde e Educação Interprofissional em Saúde. No cenário internacional, ocorreram movimentos educacionais voltados para trabalhadores de saúde com destaque para os estímulos da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde. No Brasil, ambas as propostas ressaltam o compromisso com a qualidade das práticas no Sistema Único de Saúde, centradas nas necessidades de saúde com enfoques que se aproximam. A Educação Permanente em Saúde, comprometida com a formação no trabalho para a transformação do processo de trabalho, tem em vista o cuidado integral e a Educação Interprofissional em Saúde com o aprendizado interativo compartilhado de competências colaborativas para o efetivo trabalho em equipe, orientado pela colaboração interprofissional. Ambas visam à qualificação das práticas de saúde por meio da educação de trabalhadores em coletivos, mas é fundamental a distinção dos referenciais teórico-conceituais e metodológicos que as sustentam.

RESUMEN Ensayo teórico de corte reflexivo elaborado con base en la literatura nacional e internacional, objetivando analizar las interfaces y distinciones histórico-conceptuales entre Educación Permanente en Salud y Educación Interprofesional en Salud. En el ámbito internacional hubo movimientos educativos orientados a trabajadores de salud destacándose los estímulos de la Organización Panamericana de Salud. En Brasil, ambas propuestas subrayan el compromiso con la calidad de las prácticas del Sistema Único de Salud, centradas en necesidades sanitarias con enfoques cercanos. La Educación Permanente en Salud, comprometida con la formación laboral para transformar el proceso de trabajo considerando la atención integral, y la Educación Interprofesional en Salud con aprendizaje interactivo compartido de competencias colaborativas para un trabajo en equipo efectivo orientado por la colaboración interprofesional. Ambas apuntan a calificar las prácticas de salud educando al trabajador en colectivos, aunque resulta fundamental diferenciar los referenciales teóricos, conceptuales y metodológicos que las sustentan.

ABSTRACT This was a reflective theoretical essay that was based on the national and international literature. The goal was to analyze the interfaces and historical-conceptual distinctions between permanent education in health and interprofessional education in health. In the international context, there have been educational movements aimed at health workers with an emphasis on the incentives of the Pan-American Health Organization. In Brazil, both proposals highlight a commitment to the quality of practice in the Unified Health System, focused on health needs, with approaches that have a lot in common. Permanent education in health is geared toward on-the-job training to transform work processes, with the objective of delivering comprehensive care. Interprofessional education in health involves shared interactive learning of collaborative skills for effective teamwork, guided by interprofessional collaboration. The purpose of both is to qualify health practices through the education of workers in groups; however it is essential to distinguish the theoretical, conceptual, and methodological frameworks that support them.

Apoio matricial em saúde mental infantojuvenil na Atenção Primária à Saúde: pesquisa intervenção socioclínica institucional / Matriz de apoyo en salud mental infantil en Atención Primaria de Salud: investigación de intervención socio-clínica institucional / Matrix support in children's mental health in Primary Health Care: institutional socio-clinical intervention research

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o apoio matricial para equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família em relação à Saúde Mental em Crianças e Adolescentes. Método Pesquisa-intervenção de abordagem qualitativa, fundamentada pelo referencial da Análise Institucional, a socioclínica, realizada com dezoito trabalhadores de saúde de duas equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família e do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de um município de pequeno porte, localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo, por meio de onze encontros de reflexão. Resultados Foram apresentados a partir dos temas: A dinâmica das relações no território da ESF; O apoio matricial como dispositivo tecnológico: desvelando práticas instituídas. Posteriormente, foi realizada a discussão dos resultados a partir dos princípios da Socioclínica Institucional. Conclusão O apoio matricial em saúde mental infantojuvenil, pautado no referencial da Socioclínica Institucional, favoreceu a desterritorialização dos profissionais, revelando como se dá o cuidado em saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes e os atravessamentos que ocorrem na produção desse cuidado, assim como possíveis caminhos a serem trilhados para aprimorar as ações de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la matriz de apoyo a los equipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia con relación a la Salud Mental en la Niñez y la Adolescencia. Método Investigación-intervención con enfoque cualitativo, con base en el marco de Análisis Institucional, el socioclínico, realizado con dieciocho trabajadores de salud de dos equipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia y del Centro de Atención Psicosocial de una pequeña ciudad, ubicada en el interior del estado de São Paulo, a través de once encuentros de reflexión. Resultados Se presentaron a partir de los temas: La dinámica de las relaciones en el territorio de la ESF; El soporte matricial como dispositivo tecnológico: revelando prácticas establecidas. Posteriormente, se discutieron los resultados con base en los principios de Socioclínicas Institucionales. Conclusión La matriz de apoyo en salud mental infantil, con base en el marco Socioclínico Institucional, favoreció la desterritorialización de los profesionales, revelando cómo se brinda la atención en salud mental a la niñez y adolescencia y los cruces que se dan en la producción de este cuidado, así como en lo posible caminos a seguir para mejorar las acciones de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze matrix support for Family Health Strategy teams in relation to Mental Health in Children and Adolescents. Method This is a research-intervention with a qualitative approach, based on the Institutional Analysis framework, Socio-clinic, carried out with eighteen health workers from two Family Health Strategy and Psychosocial Care Center teams of a small municipality in the countryside of the state of São Paulo, through eleven reflection meetings. Results The following themes emerged: The dynamics of relations in the FHS territory; Matrix Support as a technological device: unveiling established practices. Subsequently, the results were discussed based on the principles of Institutional Socio-clinic. Conclusion Matrix support in children's mental health, based on Institutional Socio-clinic, favored the deterritorialization of professionals, revealing how mental health care is provided for children and adolescents, and the crossings that occur in the production of this care as well as possible paths to be followed to improve health actions.

Cesarean childbirth: an institutional socio-clinical study of the professional practices and discourses / Parto por cesárea: estudio socioclínico institucional de prácticas y discursos profesionales / O nascimento por cesariana: um estudo sócio-clínico institucional das práticas e discursos profissionais

Objective: to analyze how the social, historical, economic and professional elements influence the institutionalization process of cesarean childbirth in Brazil and France. Method: a qualitative study grounded on the theoretical framework of the institutional socioclinic. The data were produced through focus groups and individual interviews, supported by semi-structured scripts, with health professionals, mothers and fathers and a research diary. The study had 83 participants. The analysis was based on the theoretical framework and thematic analysis. Cross analysis was developed between the different types of data, services and groups, as well as between countries. Results: the participants were characterized in terms of schooling, employment, level of training and workplace. The countries researched have their own peculiar health and educational structure and are marked by a social-historical-economic construction outlined by patriarchy. The New Public Management influences both contexts and makes health care precarious. The technical and organizational dimensions reinforce an intellectual and social division of work and knowledge in health. Conclusion: the institutionalization process of childbirth in the countries is marked by social, economic and professional aspects. Practices and speeches of the professionals in their work process influence the occurrence, or not, of cesarean sections.

Objetivo: analizar cómo influyen los elementos sociales, históricos, económicos y profesionales en el proceso de institucionalización del parto por cesárea en Brasil y Francia. Método: estudio cualitativo basado en el marco teórico de la socioclínica institucional. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de grupos focales y entrevistas individuales, basados en encuestas semiestructuradas con profesionales de la salud, madres y padres y en un diario de investigación. El estudio contó con 83 participantes. El análisis se basó en el marco teórico y el análisis temático. Se realizó un análisis cruzado entre diferentes tipos de datos, servicios, grupos y entre países. Resultados: los participantes fueron caracterizados por educación, empleo, nivel de formación y lugar de trabajo. Los países estudiados tienen una estructura sanitaria y educativa peculiar y se caracterizan por una construcción socio-histórico-económica basada en el patriarcado. La Nueva Gestión Pública influye en ambos contextos y precariza la asistencia sanitaria. Las dimensiones técnicas y organizativas refuerzan una división intelectual y social del trabajo y del conocimiento en salud. Conclusión: el proceso de institucionalización del parto en los países está marcado por aspectos sociales, económicos y profesionales. Las prácticas y los discursos de los profesionales en su proceso de trabajo influyen en la realización o no, de la cesárea.

Objetivo: analisar como os elementos sociais, históricos, econômicos e profissionais influenciam o processo de institucionalização do nascimento por cesariana, no Brasil e na França. Método: estudo qualitativo fundamentado no referencial teórico da sócio-clínica institucional. Os dados foram produzidos por meio da realização de grupos focais e entrevista individual, apoiados em roteiros semiestruturados, com profissionais da saúde, mães e pais e diário de pesquisa. O estudo contou com 83 participantes. A análise foi feita com base no referencial teórico e análise temática. Desenvolveu-se análise cruzada entre os diferentes tipos de dados, serviços, grupos e entre países. Resultados: os participantes foram caracterizados em relação à escolaridade, emprego, nível de formação e lugar de trabalho. Os países pesquisados têm sua estrutura sanitária e educativa peculiar e são marcados por uma construção sócio-histórica-econômica delineada pelo patriarcado. A Nova Gestão Pública influencia ambos os contextos e torna os cuidados de saúde precarizados. As dimensões técnicas e organizacionais reforçam uma divisão intelectual e social do trabalho e do saber em saúde. Conclusão: o processo de institucionalização do nascimento nos países é marcado por aspectos sociais, econômicos e profissionais. Práticas e discursos dos profissionais em seu processo de trabalho influenciam a ocorrência, ou não, da cesariana.